Saint James questions Dante on hope

Guide to the canto

Where we are

Dante is still in the eighth heaven, the Primum Mobile, where the examination on faith has taken place. The place does not change, but attention shifts to a new question: Beatrice introduces a second blessed soul so the inquiry may continue. The pilgrim remains at the center of the luminous crown, with his gaze turned toward the flames that surround him.

Whom we meet

Saint James enters the scene, presented by Beatrice as the baron for whose sake Galicia is visited at his tomb. He questions Dante on hope with precise questions. Shortly after, a light more brilliant than the others appears, which Beatrice recognizes as the one who lay on Christ’s breast, namely Saint John. The flame joins the dance and rotation of the crown, without speaking.

What to expect

The examination on hope closes with a hymn of the blessed and the unexpected arrival of the new light, which opens the way to the third questioning, that on charity. Dante, seeking Beatrice after the apparition, cannot sustain her gaze: this signals that the journey is drawing near to the final threshold of the Paradise.

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Paradise · Canto XXV
Translated by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1867).
Paraphrase

If e'er it happen that the Poem Sacred,

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To which both heaven and earth have set their hand,

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So that it many a year hath made me lean,

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O'ercome the cruelty that bars me out

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From the fair sheepfold, where a lamb I slumbered,

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An enemy to the wolves that war upon it,

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With other voice forthwith, with other fleece

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Poet will I return, and at my font

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Baptismal will I take the laurel crown;

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Because into the Faith that maketh known

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All souls to God there entered I, and then

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Peter for her sake thus my brow encircled.

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Thereafterward towards us moved a light

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Out of that band whence issued the first-fruits

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Which of his vicars Christ behind him left,

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And then my Lady, full of ecstasy,

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Said unto me: "Look, look! behold the Baron

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For whom below Galicia is frequented."

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In the same way as, when a dove alights

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Near his companion, both of them pour forth,

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Circling about and murmuring, their affection,

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So one beheld I by the other grand

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Prince glorified to be with welcome greeted,

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Lauding the food that there above is eaten.

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But when their gratulations were complete,

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Silently 'coram me' each one stood still,

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So incandescent it o'ercame my sight.

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Smiling thereafterwards, said Beatrice:

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"Illustrious life, by whom the benefactions

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Of our Basilica have been described,

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Make Hope resound within this altitude;

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Thou knowest as oft thou dost personify it

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As Jesus to the three gave greater clearness."--

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"Lift up thy head, and make thyself assured;

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For what comes hither from the mortal world

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Must needs be ripened in our radiance."

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This comfort came to me from the second fire;

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Wherefore mine eyes I lifted to the hills,

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Which bent them down before with too great weight.

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"Since, through his grace, our Emperor wills that thou

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Shouldst find thee face to face, before thy death,

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In the most secret chamber, with his Counts,

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So that, the truth beholden of this court,

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Hope, which below there rightfully enamours,

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Thereby thou strengthen in thyself and others,

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Say what it is, and how is flowering with it

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Thy mind, and say from whence it came to thee."

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Thus did the second light again continue.

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And the Compassionate, who piloted

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The plumage of my wings in such high flight,

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Did in reply anticipate me thus:

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"No child whatever the Church Militant

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Of greater hope possesses, as is written

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In that Sun which irradiates all our band;

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Therefore it is conceded him from Egypt

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To come into Jerusalem to see,

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Or ever yet his warfare be completed.

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The two remaining points, that not for knowledge

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Have been demanded, but that he report

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How much this virtue unto thee is pleasing,

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To him I leave; for hard he will not find them,

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Nor of self-praise; and let him answer them;

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And may the grace of God in this assist him!"

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As a disciple, who his teacher follows,

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Ready and willing, where he is expert,

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That his proficiency may be displayed,

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"Hope," said I, "is the certain expectation

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Of future glory, which is the effect

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Of grace divine and merit precedent.

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From many stars this light comes unto me;

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But he instilled it first into my heart

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Who was chief singer unto the chief captain.

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'Sperent in te,' in the high Theody

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He sayeth, 'those who know thy name;' and who

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Knoweth it not, if he my faith possess?

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Thou didst instil me, then, with his instilling

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In the Epistle, so that I am full,

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And upon others rain again your rain."

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While I was speaking, in the living bosom

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Of that combustion quivered an effulgence,

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Sudden and frequent, in the guise of lightning;

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Then breathed: "The love wherewith I am inflamed

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Towards the virtue still which followed me

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Unto the palm and issue of the field,

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Wills that I breathe to thee that thou delight

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In her; and grateful to me is thy telling

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Whatever things Hope promises to thee."

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And I: "The ancient Scriptures and the new

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The mark establish, and this shows it me,

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Of all the souls whom God hath made his friends.

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Isaiah saith, that each one garmented

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In his own land shall be with twofold garments,

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And his own land is this delightful life.

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Thy brother, too, far more explicitly,

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There where he treateth of the robes of white,

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This revelation manifests to us."

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And first, and near the ending of these words,

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"Sperent in te" from over us was heard,

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To which responsive answered all the carols.

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Thereafterward a light among them brightened,

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So that, if Cancer one such crystal had,

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Winter would have a month of one sole day.

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And as uprises, goes, and enters the dance

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A winsome maiden, only to do honour

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To the new bride, and not from any failing,

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Even thus did I behold the brightened splendour

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Approach the two, who in a wheel revolved

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As was beseeming to their ardent love.

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Into the song and music there it entered;

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And fixed on them my Lady kept her look,

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Even as a bride silent and motionless.

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"This is the one who lay upon the breast

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Of him our Pelican; and this is he

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To the great office from the cross elected."

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My Lady thus; but therefore none the more

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Did move her sight from its attentive gaze

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Before or afterward these words of hers.

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Even as a man who gazes, and endeavours

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To see the eclipsing of the sun a little,

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And who, by seeing, sightless doth become,

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So I became before that latest fire,

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While it was said, "Why dost thou daze thyself

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To see a thing which here hath no existence?

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Earth in the earth my body is, and shall be

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With all the others there, until our number

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With the eternal proposition tallies.

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With the two garments in the blessed cloister

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Are the two lights alone that have ascended:

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And this shalt thou take back into your world."

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And at this utterance the flaming circle

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Grew quiet, with the dulcet intermingling

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Of sound that by the trinal breath was made,

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As to escape from danger or fatigue

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The oars that erst were in the water beaten

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Are all suspended at a whistle's sound.

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Ah, how much in my mind was I disturbed,

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When I turned round to look on Beatrice,

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That her I could not see, although I was

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Close at her side and in the Happy World!

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