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Paradise, Canto XVIII

Canto XIX →

The Cross of Champions and the DILIGITE IUSTITIAM

Guide to the canto

Where we are

We remain in the heaven of Mars only long enough for Cacciaguida to name the great champions of the faith and to ignite them within the cross. Then the journey rises to the sixth heaven, that of Jupiter, where the light is so tempered that the eye bears it without strain. Here the blessed do not remain still: they arrange themselves into figures of letters, announcing a message of justice addressed to those who govern the earth.

Whom we meet

Cacciaguida and Beatrice remain on the scene. Within the luminous cross Cacciaguida points out the new warrior spirits: Joshua, Judas Maccabeus, Charlemagne, Roland, William, Renouard, Godfrey of Bouillon, and Robert Guiscard, all champions of the faith before ascending to heaven. The souls of the heaven of Jupiter enter the scene, showing themselves for the first time as an ordered choir rather than as single lights.

What to expect

The canto closes with a very harsh denunciation of those who lead the people of God for personal gain, recalling that Peter and Paul are still alive as models. Dante asks Jupiter to kindle itself against the corruption of the shepherds. The reader prepares for a crucial passage: from the mystical vision to civil commitment, before the ascent to the heaven of the fixed stars.

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Paradise · Canto XVIII
Translated by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1867).
Paraphrase

Now was alone rejoicing in its word

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That soul beatified, and I was tasting

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My own, the bitter tempering with the sweet,

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And the Lady who to God was leading me

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Said: "Change thy thought; consider that I am

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Near unto Him who every wrong disburdens."

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Unto the loving accents of my comfort

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I turned me round, and then what love I saw

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Within those holy eyes I here relinquish;

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Not only that my language I distrust,

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But that my mind cannot return so far

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Above itself, unless another guide it.

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Thus much upon that point can I repeat,

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That, her again beholding, my affection

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From every other longing was released.

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While the eternal pleasure, which direct

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Rayed upon Beatrice, from her fair face

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Contented me with its reflected aspect,

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Conquering me with the radiance of a smile,

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She said to me, "Turn thee about and listen;

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Not in mine eyes alone is Paradise."

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Even as sometimes here do we behold

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The affection in the look, if it be such

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That all the soul is wrapt away by it,

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So, by the flaming of the effulgence holy

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To which I turned, I recognized therein

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The wish of speaking to me somewhat farther.

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And it began: "In this fifth resting-place

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Upon the tree that liveth by its summit,

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And aye bears fruit, and never loses leaf,

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Are blessed spirits that below, ere yet

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They came to Heaven, were of such great renown

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That every Muse therewith would affluent be.

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Therefore look thou upon the cross's horns;

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He whom I now shall name will there enact

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What doth within a cloud its own swift fire."

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I saw athwart the Cross a splendour drawn

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By naming Joshua, (even as he did it,)

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Nor noted I the word before the deed;

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And at the name of the great Maccabee

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I saw another move itself revolving,

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And gladness was the whip unto that top.

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Likewise for Charlemagne and for Orlando,

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Two of them my regard attentive followed

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As followeth the eye its falcon flying.

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William thereafterward, and Renouard,

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And the Duke Godfrey, did attract my sight

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Along upon that Cross, and Robert Guiscard.

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Then, moved and mingled with the other lights,

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The soul that had addressed me showed how great

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An artist 'twas among the heavenly singers.

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To my right side I turned myself around,

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My duty to behold in Beatrice

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Either by words or gesture signified;

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And so translucent I beheld her eyes,

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So full of pleasure, that her countenance

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Surpassed its other and its latest wont.

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And as, by feeling greater delectation,

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A man in doing good from day to day

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Becomes aware his virtue is increasing,

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So I became aware that my gyration

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With heaven together had increased its arc,

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That miracle beholding more adorned.

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And such as is the change, in little lapse

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Of time, in a pale woman, when her face

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Is from the load of bashfulness unladen,

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Such was it in mine eyes, when I had turned,

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Caused by the whiteness of the temperate star,

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The sixth, which to itself had gathered me.

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Within that Jovial torch did I behold

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The sparkling of the love which was therein

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Delineate our language to mine eyes.

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And even as birds uprisen from the shore,

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As in congratulation o'er their food,

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Make squadrons of themselves, now round, now long,

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So from within those lights the holy creatures

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Sang flying to and fro, and in their figures

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Made of themselves now D, now I, now L.

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First singing they to their own music moved;

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Then one becoming of these characters,

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A little while they rested and were silent.

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O divine Pegasea, thou who genius

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Dost glorious make, and render it long-lived,

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And this through thee the cities and the kingdoms,

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Illume me with thyself, that I may bring

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Their figures out as I have them conceived!

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Apparent be thy power in these brief verses!

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Themselves then they displayed in five times seven

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Vowels and consonants; and I observed

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The parts as they seemed spoken unto me.

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'Diligite justitiam,' these were

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First verb and noun of all that was depicted;

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'Qui judicatis terram' were the last.

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Thereafter in the M of the fifth word

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Remained they so arranged, that Jupiter

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Seemed to be silver there with gold inlaid.

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And other lights I saw descend where was

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The summit of the M, and pause there singing

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The good, I think, that draws them to itself.

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Then, as in striking upon burning logs

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Upward there fly innumerable sparks,

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Whence fools are wont to look for auguries,

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More than a thousand lights seemed thence to rise,

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And to ascend, some more, and others less,

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Even as the Sun that lights them had allotted;

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And, each one being quiet in its place,

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The head and neck beheld I of an eagle

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Delineated by that inlaid fire.

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He who there paints has none to be his guide;

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But Himself guides; and is from Him remembered

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That virtue which is form unto the nest.

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The other beatitude, that contented seemed

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At first to bloom a lily on the M,

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By a slight motion followed out the imprint.

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O gentle star! what and how many gems

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Did demonstrate to me, that all our justice

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Effect is of that heaven which thou ingemmest!

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Wherefore I pray the Mind, in which begin

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Thy motion and thy virtue, to regard

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Whence comes the smoke that vitiates thy rays;

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So that a second time it now be wroth

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With buying and with selling in the temple

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Whose walls were built with signs and martyrdoms!

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O soldiery of heaven, whom I contemplate,

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Implore for those who are upon the earth

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All gone astray after the bad example!

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Once 'twas the custom to make war with swords;

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But now 'tis made by taking here and there

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The bread the pitying Father shuts from none.

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Yet thou, who writest but to cancel, think

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That Peter and that Paul, who for this vineyard

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Which thou art spoiling died, are still alive!

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Well canst thou say: "So steadfast my desire

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Is unto him who willed to live alone,

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And for a dance was led to martyrdom,

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That I know not the Fisherman nor Paul."

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