The Cross of Champions and the DILIGITE IUSTITIAM
Guide to the canto
We remain in the heaven of Mars only long enough for Cacciaguida to name the great champions of the faith and to ignite them within the cross. Then the journey rises to the sixth heaven, that of Jupiter, where the light is so tempered that the eye bears it without strain. Here the blessed do not remain still: they arrange themselves into figures of letters, announcing a message of justice addressed to those who govern the earth.
Whom we meet
Cacciaguida and Beatrice remain on the scene. Within the luminous cross Cacciaguida points out the new warrior spirits: Joshua, Judas Maccabeus, Charlemagne, Roland, William, Renouard, Godfrey of Bouillon, and Robert Guiscard, all champions of the faith before ascending to heaven. The souls of the heaven of Jupiter enter the scene, showing themselves for the first time as an ordered choir rather than as single lights.
What to expect
The canto closes with a very harsh denunciation of those who lead the people of God for personal gain, recalling that Peter and Paul are still alive as models. Dante asks Jupiter to kindle itself against the corruption of the shepherds. The reader prepares for a crucial passage: from the mystical vision to civil commitment, before the ascent to the heaven of the fixed stars.
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Paraphrase