The Metamorphoses and Cacus

Guide to the canto

Where we are

We remain on the bank of the eighth ditch, that of the thieves, after the prophecy of Vanni Fucci. The opening conflict is a visual spectacle that disorients: bodies fusing, exchanging limbs, becoming reptiles. Dante watches from the rim, his eyes and mind confused by the continual metamorphosis.

Whom we meet

Cacus, a centaur covered with snakes and bearing a dragon on his haunches, whom Virgil recognizes and identifies as the mythic thief killed by Hercules for the theft of Geryon's herd. Then three damned souls come into view, crossing the ditch: one calls for Cianfa and is bitten and coiled about by a six-footed serpent; a second, pierced by a small serpent, transforms along with it; the third remains unchanged and is Puccio Sciancato. The man-serpent who finally flees names Buoso, pointing to the companion now crawling.

What to expect

After the metamorphoses Dante carries forward the image of identities dissolving and being exchanged, along with the question of who each damned soul truly was. The journey continues toward the ninth ditch, reserved for the sowers of discord, where the type of punishment changes entirely.

Read the canto

Inferno · Canto XXV
Translated by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1867).
Paraphrase

At the conclusion of his words, the thief

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Lifted his hands aloft with both the figs,

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Crying: "Take that, God, for at thee I aim them."

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From that time forth the serpents were my friends;

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For one entwined itself about his neck

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As if it said: "I will not thou speak more;"

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And round his arms another, and rebound him,

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Clinching itself together so in front,

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That with them he could not a motion make.

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Pistoia, ah, Pistoia! why resolve not

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To burn thyself to ashes and so perish,

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Since in ill-doing thou thy seed excellest?

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Through all the sombre circles of this Hell,

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Spirit I saw not against God so proud,

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Not he who fell at Thebes down from the walls!

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He fled away, and spake no further word;

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And I beheld a Centaur full of rage

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Come crying out: "Where is, where is the scoffer?"

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I do not think Maremma has so many

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Serpents as he had all along his back,

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As far as where our countenance begins.

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Upon the shoulders, just behind the nape,

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With wings wide open was a dragon lying,

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And he sets fire to all that he encounters.

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My Master said: "That one is Cacus, who

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Beneath the rock upon Mount Aventine

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Created oftentimes a lake of blood.

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He goes not on the same road with his brothers,

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By reason of the fraudulent theft he made

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Of the great herd, which he had near to him;

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Whereat his tortuous actions ceased beneath

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The mace of Hercules, who peradventure

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Gave him a hundred, and he felt not ten."

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While he was speaking thus, he had passed by,

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And spirits three had underneath us come,

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Of which nor I aware was, nor my Leader,

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Until what time they shouted: "Who are you?"

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On which account our story made a halt,

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And then we were intent on them alone.

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I did not know them; but it came to pass,

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As it is wont to happen by some chance,

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That one to name the other was compelled,

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Exclaiming: "Where can Cianfa have remained?"

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Whence I, so that the Leader might attend,

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Upward from chin to nose my finger laid.

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If thou art, Reader, slow now to believe

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What I shall say, it will no marvel be,

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For I who saw it hardly can admit it.

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As I was holding raised on them my brows,

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Behold! a serpent with six feet darts forth

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In front of one, and fastens wholly on him.

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With middle feet it bound him round the paunch,

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And with the forward ones his arms it seized;

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Then thrust its teeth through one cheek and the other;

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The hindermost it stretched upon his thighs,

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And put its tail through in between the two,

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And up behind along the reins outspread it.

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Ivy was never fastened by its barbs

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Unto a tree so, as this horrible reptile

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Upon the other's limbs entwined its own.

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Then they stuck close, as if of heated wax

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They had been made, and intermixed their colour;

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Nor one nor other seemed now what he was;

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E'en as proceedeth on before the flame

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Upward along the paper a brown colour,

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Which is not black as yet, and the white dies.

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The other two looked on, and each of them

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Cried out: "O me, Agnello, how thou changest!

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Behold, thou now art neither two nor one."

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Already the two heads had one become,

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When there appeared to us two figures mingled

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Into one face, wherein the two were lost.

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Of the four lists were fashioned the two arms,

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The thighs and legs, the belly and the chest

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Members became that never yet were seen.

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Every original aspect there was cancelled;

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Two and yet none did the perverted image

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Appear, and such departed with slow pace.

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Even as a lizard, under the great scourge

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Of days canicular, exchanging hedge,

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Lightning appeareth if the road it cross;

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Thus did appear, coming towards the bellies

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Of the two others, a small fiery serpent,

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Livid and black as is a peppercorn.

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And in that part whereat is first received

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Our aliment, it one of them transfixed;

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Then downward fell in front of him extended.

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The one transfixed looked at it, but said naught;

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Nay, rather with feet motionless he yawned,

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Just as if sleep or fever had assailed him.

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He at the serpent gazed, and it at him;

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One through the wound, the other through the mouth

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Smoked violently, and the smoke commingled.

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Henceforth be silent Lucan, where he mentions

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Wretched Sabellus and Nassidius,

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And wait to hear what now shall be shot forth.

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Be silent Ovid, of Cadmus and Arethusa;

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For if him to a snake, her to fountain,

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Converts he fabling, that I grudge him not;

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Because two natures never front to front

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Has he transmuted, so that both the forms

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To interchange their matter ready were.

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Together they responded in such wise,

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That to a fork the serpent cleft his tail,

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And eke the wounded drew his feet together.

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The legs together with the thighs themselves

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Adhered so, that in little time the juncture

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No sign whatever made that was apparent.

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He with the cloven tail assumed the figure

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The other one was losing, and his skin

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Became elastic, and the other's hard.

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I saw the arms draw inward at the armpits,

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And both feet of the reptile, that were short,

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Lengthen as much as those contracted were.

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Thereafter the hind feet, together twisted,

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Became the member that a man conceals,

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And of his own the wretch had two created.

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While both of them the exhalation veils

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With a new colour, and engenders hair

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On one of them and depilates the other,

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The one uprose and down the other fell,

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Though turning not away their impious lamps,

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Underneath which each one his muzzle changed.

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He who was standing drew it tow'rds the temples,

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And from excess of matter, which came thither,

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Issued the ears from out the hollow cheeks;

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What did not backward run and was retained

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Of that excess made to the face a nose,

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And the lips thickened far as was befitting.

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He who lay prostrate thrusts his muzzle forward,

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And backward draws the ears into his head,

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In the same manner as the snail its horns;

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And so the tongue, which was entire and apt

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For speech before, is cleft, and the bi-forked

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In the other closes up, and the smoke ceases.

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The soul, which to a reptile had been changed,

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Along the valley hissing takes to flight,

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And after him the other speaking sputters.

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Then did he turn upon him his new shoulders,

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And said to the other: "I'll have Buoso run,

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Crawling as I have done, along this road."

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In this way I beheld the seventh ballast

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Shift and reshift, and here be my excuse

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The novelty, if aught my pen transgress.

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And notwithstanding that mine eyes might be

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Somewhat bewildered, and my mind dismayed,

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They could not flee away so secretly

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But that I plainly saw Puccio Sciancato;

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And he it was who sole of three companions,

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Which came in the beginning, was not changed;

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The other was he whom thou, Gaville, weepest.

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